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tumours, most commonly the liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
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chronic inflammatory diseases, such as Behçet disease, Sjögren syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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pregnancy
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high dose oestrogen from using oral contraception.
It is possible that having an abscess, cyst or tumour can place direct pressure on your veins and increase the likelihood of a clot developing. This means that many existing disorders can be complicated by BCS.
Web-like structures, called ‘membranous webs’, are found in the major hepatic veins or inferior vena cava far more commonly in South-east Asia and the Middle East than in the UK. It is now thought that these represent the last remains of thromboses that have, for the most part, been cleared by the body’s repair systems. These can also be a cause of BCS.